Day 2 :
Keynote Forum
Roel H Bosma
Wageningen University and Research Centre, Netherlands
Keynote: Sustainable management of shrimp culture in the mangrove landscape
Time : 11:00
Biography:
Roel H Bosma obtained his MSc at Wageningen University and worked for close to 20 years in farming systems research in West Africa. In 2007 he defended his\\\\r\\\\nPhD based on fieldwork in Vietnam. Since 2004, he leads international collaborative research projects and supervises MSc and PhD from Wageningen University. The projects focus on SE Asia and sustainable aquaculture is management. Notwithstanding his focus on research for development, he has published more than 30 papers in reputed double refereed journals and over 20 in simple refereed journals and as book chapters or conference papers.
Abstract:
The expansion of shrimp aquaculture went often at the expense of mangrove forest. Following declines in productivity as a result of deteriorating quality of bottom and water and subsequent outbreaks of shrimp diseases, farmers either reverted to very extensive or to more intensive production systems. Some countries successfully controlled mangrove clearance after 1990 along the coastline but in example Indonesia the ponds extended up to the shores. In the process Philippine’s farmers developed the green-water system (GWS) which reduces disease impact and improves shrimp growth. After massive mangrove clearance trade-offs on fisheries and coastal protection became apparent. According to recent studies the Total Economic Value of intact mangrove is higher than the profits earned from intensive shrimp culture. Other studies show that mangrove’s nursery function can be well maintained, if the remaining areas of mangrove are well connected to the aquatic ecosystem and not fragmented. However, expanding the ponds up to the shores demonstrates to be detrimental for land accretion while sea level rises and land subsides due to example fresh water extraction. In many cases, the benefits of extensive systems are too small to repair dikes and pond infrastructures after abrasion. Through a modelling approach we demonstrate that the total benefits for society of a sound mix of aquaculture and mangrove are higher than from either full intact mangrove or a completely transformed landscape. Mixed mangrove shrimp systems can contribute to the societal
Keynote Forum
Osman Samsun
Sinop University, Turkey
Keynote: Sustainable fisheries of the European anchovy (Engraulis encrasicolus) in the Black sea, Turkey
Time : 11:40
Biography:
Osman Samsun is Professor and also acting Head of Fishing Gear Technology Division of Sinop university. He has supervised and coordinated 9 master and 4 doctorate degrees as an academic consultant in the field of Main Technology of Catching at the Faculty of Sinop Sea Products. Currently he is supervising 1 master and 1 doctorate degrees at the university
Abstract:
The Black Sea fish have been shared by Bulgaria, Romania, Georgia, Ukraine, Russia Federation and Turkey. Anchovy is the most major capture fish species in the Black Sea and the most amounts was caught annually by Turkey and Georgia. About 250-300000 tons anchovy was caught annually in Turkish fishermen using purse-seine and mid-water trawl. The anchovy shoals were found to have migrated to the Georgian coasts thus preventing the Turkish anchovy fishing in recent years. Because of this, most of the Turkish fish meal and fish oil factories which use pelagic fish especially anchovy as a raw material relocated to Georgia. In the Turkish Seas, fishing regulation is based on the minimum mesh and fish size, closed season and area, species under full conservation, completely banned fishing methods and fishing gears, gear restriction for identified species and gear or fishing method restrictions and some restrictions concerning pollutants. There are some anchovy fishing regulations such as time (16:00 PM-06:00 AM), length (9 cm TL is size of sexual maturity length), depth (24 m), gear types and nets. But in Georgia legal catch length is applied as 7 cm TL. Furthermore, in recent years there have been changes in breeding, feeding and wintering areas of the anchovy. International agreements for anchovy fisheries should be built to sustainable management plans such as joint protection measures and control system. In this study, a total of 1833 European anchovy caught by purse seine were sampled during the 2014 and 2015 fishing season in the Black Sea coast of Turkey. The total length ranged between 6.0 and 14.0 cm (mean 11.03±0.025 cm). The length-weight relationships were estimated as W=0.0108TL2.7534 (r2=0.9134, n=1833, sdlogTL=0.0464, sdlogW=0.1338, P<0.001). The slope of the length-weight relationship regression lines (Pauly’s t test=12.434) were significantly different from the isometric growth curve slope (b=3). These results showed that anchovy have negative allometric growth characteristics. Monthly length frequency distribution showed that the amount of the anchovy under the size at sexual maturity and legal size (9 cm) was found as 5.07% indicating groups of small individuals were caught minor level anchovy fisheries in the study areas. However, a stock assessment and management of this species in the Black Sea is urgently needed. To protect anchovy stock and to build sustainable anchovy fisheries in the Black Sea, some management measures such as total allowable catch and landing quotas, exclusive regional fishing permits or closed area, partner minimum fish size (example 9 cm total length) should be applied as soon as possible by six countries bordering the Black Sea.
- Track 6: Aquaculture Related Diseases and Health Management
Track 11: Ethical and Emerging Isuues in Aquaculture Development
Track 12: Aquaculture Environment Interactions – Measuring, Modelling and Mitigation
Chair
David Vander Zwaag
Chair Professor
Dalhousie UniversityÂ
Canada
Co-Chair
Katherine Hawes
Principal Solicitor
Aquarius Lawyers
Australia
Session Introduction
Hany M R Abdel Latif
Alexandria University
Eygpt
Title: Deciphering the epidemiology of Three Myxozoan parasites (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae) isolated from wild African sharptooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus
Biography:
Hany M R Abdel Latif has completed his PhD at the age of 28 years from Alexandria University and postdoctoral studies from Michigan State University School of Veterinary Medicine. He is a Lecturer of Fish diseases, Department of Poultry and Fish diseases, Faculty of Veterinary medicine in Alexandria University. He has published more than 10 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as an editorial board member of many journals.
Abstract:
Myxosporeans are common parasites of fish world-wide, which cause serious damage to economically important freshwater and marine fish species. During a recent investigation of parasites infecting fishes inhabiting different Canals at Behera governorate (Egypt), a total of one hundred and fifty sharp tooth catfish, Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes: Clariidae) were examined for the presence of myxozoan infections. The clinical signs, postmortem lesions and parasitological examinations were investigated. The infected fish were off food and had respiratory manifestations, sluggish swimming, and congestion of the gills as well as the presence of cyst like structures on the gill filaments, in the cartilage of the accessory breathing organ in some fish and in the ovaries of others. Parasitological examinations revealed great numbers of spores in the milky fluid inside the cysts, which identified the presence of two species of the genus Henneguya; plasmodia of H. branchialis and H. Fusiformis in the gills and accessory respiratory organ and one species of the genus Myxobolus; plasmodia of M. Gariepinus in the ovaries. The prevalence of Myxosporeans revealed that 25% of the examined fish were infected with Henneguya species and 16.67% were infected with Myxobolus species. It was also noted that the highest rate of infestation was found in spring season and in female specimens more than males. The results of this study demonstrate that the isolated Myxozoans were firstly isolated from wild sharp tooth catfish at Behera governorate, Egypt and they causes physical damage in gills, accessory respiratory organs and ovaries which make the infected fish unmarketable and ineligible for human consumption.
Masashi Maita
Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology
Japan
Title: Possibility of disease control by ambient dissolved oxygen level
Biography:
Masashi Maita is involved in research in fish physiology and pharmacology. He began work at Tokyo University of Fisheries in 1991. There, he obtained a PhD in 1997 for the diagnostic study of clinical biochemistry in aquaculture fish. He was promoted to professor at Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology in 2008. He has been involved in studies on fish health management, risk management of aquaculture products due to harmful chemicals, and risk assessment of chemicals in fish.
Abstract:
Aquaculture has continuously contained a potential risk of hypoxia. Because of this background, many studies on respiration and circulatory function of fish at hypoxic environment have been reported to date. hypoxia influences the mortality of yellowtail infected with Enterococcus seriolicida. These findings suggest that exposing fish to hypoxia around the minimum requirement of environmental oxygen for long term may lead to a decrease in disease resistance in fish farming. Although studies on respiration and circulatory function at environmental oxygen below minimum requirement on fish have been reported, the immunological effect of environmental oxygen around the minimum requirement is unclear. Here, we examined the in vitro functions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) leukocytes at environmental oxygen around the minimum requirement. Reactive oxygen generation and antibacterial activity of leukocyte cultured in low dissolved oxygen medium were decreased. The partial pressure of venous oxygen (PvO2) of fish was decreased during hypoxia, but it was quickly recovered by increasing of dissolved oxygen in environmental water. Furthermore, the mortality due to the experimental challenge with Vibrio anguillarum was reduced by expanding the ambient dissolved oxygen level. These results suggest that hypoxia around the minimum requirement of environmental oxygen adversely affects the functions of fish leukocytes. Our results also suggest that artificially increasing the PvO2 can prevent fish from bacterial infectious diseases in aquaculture.
Alejandro J Yanez Carcamo
Universidad Austral de Chile
Chile
Title: Novel media for the culture of the salmonid pathogen Piscirickettsia salmonis and their biotechnological uses in the salmon industry
Biography:
Alejandro J Yanez Carcamo has completed his PhD at the age of 32 years from Universidad Austral de Chile University and doctoral studies from UMKC, U.S.A. He is the director of Austral Omics, a service organization that provide a transversal solution to the researchers. He has published more than 60 papers in reputed journals contributing to the knowledge of metabolism and applied microbiology.
Abstract:
Piscirickettsia salmonis is a facultative intracellularGram-negative bacterium isolated from salmonids inChile and constitutes one of the main problemsin farmed salmonids and marine fish around the world. The use ofartificial media represents an alternative to diminish the costof cell lines and reducescontamination problems.Recently, we have developed the first broth media and two new solidblood-free media, termed Astral SRS-Broth and Austral-TSFe agar and Austral-TS Hemagar,. Thesenovel media have shown to beproper for the bacterial isolationand routine culture in thelaboratory. Moreover, the data obtained with AUSTRAL-SRS broth, indicate that this mediumcan be successfully used in susceptibility tests ofP. salmonis isolates and the CLSI accept and indicatethis media in the new guideline edition 2014.The in vitro drug susceptibility tests contribute to anunderstanding of the pharmacokinetic data in fishas well as evaluate the drug resistance of this pathogen. Indeed, the genome sequencing of a highly pathogenic strain AUS005, let us to study the expression levels of several multidrug resistance pumps.Finally, the purification immunogenic protein obtained from P. salmonis provides a suitableplatform to simplify the preparation of a new class oflow-cost vaccinethat shown high rate of protection. These new biotechnological tools will help salmon producers to take treatmentdecisions and control the disease. FONDAP-INCAR 15110027.
Mohammad Nofal
Tadulako University
Indonesia
Title: Designing indonesia fish logistics system with based on central Sulawesi resource
Biography:
Mohammad Nofal has completed his PhD at the age of 30 years from Ecole Superieure des Affaires, Universite Pierre Mendes France. He is senior researcher in Fishery Business. Currently, He has conducting research on fishery logistics in Indonesia to accelerate Indonesia’s economic
Abstract:
This study aims to design an efficient Indonesia fish logistics system with based on Central Sulawesi Resources include Palu, Donggala, Toli-toli, Buol, Parigi Moutong, Poso, Tojo Una-Una, Banggai, Banggai Kepulauan, Banggai Laut, and Morowali. Integrating the data of logistics in the integer specified model, the result of our model depicts the minimum cost of fish logistics system. Based on our optimization result, all hubs in Central Sulawesi can supply fish commodity to the headquarter of industry in Java and Bali Island. In addition, the model for national fish logistics system in the region of Central Sulawesi Province as follow: 1) the fish comodity for Banggai laut hub should be supplied by different source locations, as an example, Banggai Kepulauan District dan Banggai Laut District, 2) the fish commodity for Luwuk hub should be supplied by certain source locations, such as, Banggai Kepulauan District, Banggai Laut District, Tojo Una-Una District and Banggai District, 3) the fish commodity for Palu (Pantoloan hub should be supplied by several source locations, for example, Donggala District, Parigi Moutong District, Poso District and Morowali District, and 4)the fish commodity for Tolitoli (Ogotua hub) should be supplied by two source locations, for instance, Buol District and Tolitoli District. As an initial study, the further study is important to connect Indonesia fish logistics system to international network especially Asia and Australia region.
Biography:
Felix Olusegun Akinwumi is an Associate professor in Department of Environmental Biology and Fisheries, Adekunle Ajasin University, Nigeria
Abstract:
Appropriate post-harvest management strategies are critical in sustainable fish production in the tropics. One of such approaches is the control of insect pest infestation, which is a major factor for the economic loss of smoked fishery products in the tropics. The use of synthesized insecticides is hampered by high cost of purchase, health concerns and right application. In this study, the efficacies of the powders of four locally available and inexpensive plant materials, namely: Dennettia tripetala Baker, Eugenia aromatica Hook, Monodora myristica (Dunal) and Piper guineense (Schum and Thonn) at 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 g/100 g smoked Clarias gariepinus Burchell were evaluated for the control of the dermestid beetle, Dermestes maculatus. Each of the four plant powders caused significantly high (P<0.05) mortality in both the adults and larvae of the fish beetle at all concentrations when compared to the control and was effective in inhibiting progeny development in the treated fish. The four plant materials could play a major role in protecting one of the commercially important fish species in the tropics and thereby prevent smoked fish losses, improve income generation, enhance the health and socio-economic status of fish consumers and processors.
Biography:
Javad Ghasemzadeh is currently an Assistant Professor in Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Marine Sciences of Chabahar Maritime University, Iran
Abstract:
Subsequent to the outbreak of white spot syndrome (WSS) in the water shrimp farming complex along the Oman Sea in 2008, the Iranian aquaculture administration authorities replaced the cultured endemic species of Indian white shrimp (Fenneropenaeus indicus) with the more resistant species of White leg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannami). To supply the required post larvae, cohorts of quarantine brood-stocks of Litopenaeus vannami were transferred from Golestan province to the shrimp hatcheries of Baluchistan. Although these hatcheries hired experienced foreign technicians coming from prominent countries in shrimp culture such as India, Indonesia, the Philippines and Thailand, the number and quality of nauplii produced by them differed significantly. Based on our past years experiences of such outcomes we decided to investigate this discrepancy by monitoring their work and scrutinising different techniques and factors implemented and controlled by these technicians and relate them to their outcomes. The results revealed that the temperature at which brood-stocks are kept in the course of propagation was critical in the number and quality of Nauplius obtained. Best results achieved within the temperature range of 26-28° C with an average of 27° C. Hatcheries in which temperature kept between 29-31° C (average 30° C) produced medium to weak number of nauplii and those with temperature varied between 31-34° C failed to produce any nauplii.
- Track 13: Aquaculture Law and Policy
Location: Quay 2
Session Introduction
David Vander Zwaag
Dalhousie University
Canada
Title: Towards sustainable aquaculture: Navigating international law and policy currents
Biography:
David Vander Zwaag is Professor of Law and Canada Research Chair in Ocean Law and Governance at the Marine & Environmental Law Institute, Dalhousie University. He is a member of the IUCN’s World Commission on Environmental Law (WCEL) and co-chairs the WCEL Specialist Group on Oceans, Coasts and Coral Reefs. He has published over 150 papers in the marine and environmental law field. His co-edited book publications include, among others, Polar Oceans Governance in an Era of Environmental Change and Aquaculture Law and Policy: Towards Principled Access and Operations.
Abstract:
This presentation will highlight three main international law and policy “current systems†that set courses for achieving sustainable aquaculture operations around the globe. First, key provisions of the 1982 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea will be described. The Convention grants coastal States jurisdictional rights over aquaculture developments within national zones of jurisdiction, including 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zones, but also imposes environmental responsibilities, such as the fundamental duty to protect and preserve the marine environment. Second, the role of international environmental law agreements in setting directions for the management of aquaculture will be reviewed with the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) being central. For example, the CBD’s Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 includes a target (target 7) for managing aquaculture areas sustainably by 2020 in order to ensure the conservation of biodiversity. A CBD technical report on solutions for sustainable aquaculture, published in 2004, suggests best practices including avoiding the use of non-native species and encouraging the culture of different species together (polyculture). A third source of international guidance for aquaculture is documents emanating from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The implications of the FAO Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries for aquaculture will be emphasized along with key FAO technical guidelines applicable to aquaculture calling for precautionary and ecosystem approaches.
Biography:
Marcus Haward is a political scientist specialising in oceans and Antarctic governance and marine resources management at the Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies (IMAS), University of Tasmania. He has over 150 research publications, and his books include Oceans Governance in the Twenty-first Century: Managing the Blue Planet (with Joanna Vince) Edward Elgar 2008; and Global Commodity Governance: State Responses to Sustainable Forest and Fisheries Certification (with Fred Gale) Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. He is editor of the Australian Journal of Maritime and Oceans Affairs published by Taylor & Francis.
Abstract:
Marine aquaculture is a major element of Australian fisheries production. The sector has undergone major development and change over the past two decades. Aquaculture operations in Australia include salmonids and other important market species of tuna, oysters, and prawns. A number of other species are also farmed. In 2011-12 the aquaculture of salmonid species (Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and Brown trout (Salmo trutta) was Australia’s largest catch by production (43, 989 tonnes) and by value ($513 million). Given Australia’s federal division of powers a vast majority of aquaculture operations located with state waters and governed by state and local government legislation and by-laws. The Australian (national) government is also involved through sustainability assessments, quarantine and bio-security, food quality and safety, and environmental management. Community engagement is centred on an increasing focus on social acceptability/social license relating to aquaculture operations. A further element is the development of industry based codes of practice and moves to seek external third party accreditation of their operations. This paper examines aquaculture governance in Australia, highlighting the importance of the interaction between government, industry and community.
Karen N Scott
University of Canterbury
New Zealand
Title: New Zealand’s aquaculture law and policy framework
Biography:
Karen Scott is a Professor in Law at the University of Canterbury, New Zealand. She researches and teaches in the areas of the law of the sea, international environmental law and Antarctic law and policy. She has over 50 research articles and book chapters in these areas and is the Co-Editor of Rothwell, Oude Elferink, Scott and Stephens; The Oxford Handbook on the Law of the Sea (OUP 2015). She is currently undertaking a Research Project focusing on Oceans Governance in New Zealand funded by the New Zealand Law Foundation. She is currently the Vice-President of the Australian and New Zealand Society of International Law (ANZSIL)
Abstract:
Aquaculture is the fastest growing agricultural sector in New Zealand and the industry target supported by the New Zealand government is to more than double its size to NZ $1 billion by 2025. In contrast to most other global regions the New Zealand aquaculture industry is relatively clean and green with manageable environmental impacts although this largely results from its relatively small size. The industry has however come into conflict with local communities and authorities with respect to the utilization of coastal space and the impact of activities on areas deemed to be of outstanding natural beauty. Aquaculture has been subject to regular and radical reform over the last decade in order to try to respond to the aims to expand the industry and to manage spatial and environmental conflicts. This paper will examine the current regulatory environment for aquaculture in light of those reforms and the various policy aims including the dispute over ownership of the New Zealand foreshore and seabed. The paper will explore these issues through a case study on salmon farming in the Marlborough Sounds which resulted in two important Supreme Court decisions in 2014 and led to a significant change in approach to selected principles set out in the 2010 New Zealand Coastal Policy Statement. The paper will conclude suggestions and observations with respect to the future management of aquaculture in New Zealand.
Irene Dahl
Artic University of Norway
Norway
Title: Regional governance of the relation between aquaculture and wild salmon in the north Atlantic
Biography:
Irene Dahl is an Associate Professor with PhD (2009) from the Faculty of Law, University of Tromsø. She graduated in 1996 and has worked at the Faculty since then, now at the K.G. Jebsen Centre for the Law of the Sea. She has done research on Norwegian fisheries law and international fisheries law. Her PhD thesis was about Norwegian fisheries jurisdiction over foreign fishing vessels. Articles from 2014 that may be mentioned are “Maritime delimitation in the Arctic: Implications on Fisheries Jurisdiction and Cooperation in the Barents Seaâ€, under publication in International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law and “Fisheries Cooperation between Norway and Russia in the Barents Seaâ€, under publication in a Marsafnet editorial book project. Together with David Vanderzwaag and Nigel Bankes, she constitutes the organizing committee for the editorial book project “Aquaculture Law and Policy: Global, Regional and National Perspectivesâ€, after which agreement with Edward Elgar Publishing Limited will be published in 2015.
Abstract:
Marine aquaculture is a major element of fisheries production in Northern Atlantic countries; in Norwaythe realized amount of farmed fish in 2013 had a value of 40 billion NOK. It is an expressed aim that the sector shall increase. The Norwegian Government initiated a consultation procedure in June 2014 with time limit for comments 6 January 2015. The main content in the legal amendment is permission for established actors to increase maximum allowable biomass within licences for salmon, trout and rainbow trout with 5%. Several of the bodies entitled to comment are not implicit positive to such an increase. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority advises against a permanent increase of the production capacity before the industry has better control with the situation of salmon louse. On the contrary, 15 December 2015 the authority announces that it withdraws the license for a portion of the production of several facilities, on the reasons of significant amount of louse. The salmon louse is a native parasite on wild salmon, and it falls of after short time in freshwater. However, if the amount of louse on one unit increases, the skin will suffer from sores that may result in other organisms of infection. The problem with escaping salmon from net cages contributes to a further escalating of the distribution of louse. In a recent research report, the Norwegian Institute of Marine Research concludes that the Alta fjord in Finnmark (a national salmon fjord) is under an increasing pressure from salmon louse. The increase was significant in areas with aquaculture. The report contains several similar cases. The paper examines to what extent existing international legal framework, especially within the North Atlantic Salmon Conservation Organization (NASCO), deals with the conflict between the aim of constant more food resources from aquaculture and the aim of conservation of the wild salmon.
Phillip Saunders
Dalhousie University
Canada
Title: Governance of aquaculture in Canada: Regulation, property rights and constitutional impediments
Biography:
Phillip Saunders Q C is an Associate Professor in Schulich School of Law at Dalhousie University. He was Dean of Law from 2005-2010 and Cross-appointed to the School for Resource and Environmental Studies. He has teaching and research interests in international marine and environmental law, maritime boundary delimitation and fisheries law. Formerly with the International Centre for Ocean Development as Senior Policy Advisor and Field Representative, South Pacific and has advised states on matters of international law and law of the sea in the South Pacific, the Caribbean, the Indian Ocean, Southern Africa, Southeast Asia, South Asia, Central America and Russia. He also acted as Counsel for Nova Scotia in the arbitration of the boundary between the offshore areas of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland and as Commissioner for the Canada-Nova Scotia review of the Deep Panuke offshore project. Co-general Editor and Co-author of International Law, Chiefly as Interpreted and Applied in Canada (8th ed., 2014).
Abstract:
The governance of marine aquaculture in Canada takes place in the context of a federal system in which some elements of the constitutional jurisdiction relevant to aquaculture management rest with federal authorities, and others with the provincial (or possibly territorial) governments. In addition, constitutionally protected interests of aboriginal people – both potential title to marine space and mandatory consultation duties – are overlaid on the federal-provincial division. For many years the dominant approach to the regulation of the industry (with some exceptions) has been through effective devolution of authority over licensing and tenurial rights to provincial authorities, but this system was inherently vulnerable to challenge, and arguably provided incomplete protection of leasehold rights over aquaculture facilities, and created a patchwork system of regulation across the country. In 2010 a successful constitutional challenge in British Columbia forced the federal government to assume greater control over licensing of aquaculture, but to date this has not been applied in other provinces. This paper considers the implications of the confused and varied legal structures currently in place for the implementation of important governance principles, including precaution, integration and transparency. In addition, the pros and cons of a greater federal role, and the form it might take, are assessed in the light of the experience post-2010 in British Columbia.
- Track 1: Aquatic Ecosystem and Aqua Farming Methods
Track3: Comparative Biology of Aquatic Species
Track 4: Aquaculture and Biosystem Research
Track 9: Aquatic Immunology
Track 10: Aquatic Physiology
Track 14: Aquatic Toxicology
Chair
W Lindsey White
Associate Dean
Auckland University of Technology
New Zealand
Co-Chair
Werner Kloas
Head of the Department
Department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture
Leibniz- Institute of Fresh water Ecology and Inland Fisheries
Germany
Session Introduction
W Lindsey White
Auckland University of Technology
New Zealand
Title: World seaweed utilization: A summary
Biography:
Lindsey White completed his PhD at the University of Auckland in 2001. He was awarded a three-year Post-Doctoral Fellowship from the New Zealand Foundation for Research, Science and Technology and in 2004 took up a position as Senior Lecturer in the School of Applied Science at Auckland University of Technology (AUT). He is currently Head of the School of Interprofessional Health Studies at AUT. His research interests are in aquaculture and fisheries. The utilization of seaweeds, both by humans and by marine herbivores, has been a large focus of his work. In terms of human seaweed utilization, he is interested in seaweed farming; both understanding and limiting the environmental impacts of seaweed farming. To examine plant-herbivore interactions he has employed a nutritional ecology perspective, entailing a synthesis of information about both the algae (e.g. abundance, nutritional composition) and the herbivore (e.g. diet choice, digestive physiology). He is also interested the uses of other marine organisms and recently has been focusing on NZ surf clams. In this regard he has brought together an interdisciplinary team of scientists to carry out research to support the growth of the fisheries of these animals, including food science, bioactives research and biology and ecology.
Abstract:
In 1999 one of us (WLW) published a summary of world seaweed utilisation (Zemke-White and Ohno, 1999). At the time, reliable data on seaweed harvesting and farming was difficult to come by, and so the data was extracted from the book “Seaweeds of the World†edited by Alan Critchley and Masao Ohno. This resource was updated in 2006 and produced as a CD-ROM entitled World Seaweed Resources (Critchley et al. 2006). To provide an update on Zemke-White and Ohno (1999), we obtained the reported seaweed production weights from the FAO (2014) dataset. Worldwide, some 264 species of seaweeds are used by humans, mainly for food and hydrocolloid production (e.g .alginates, agar and carrageenan), but also for medicines, paper, fertiliser and animal feed. In 2012 close to 21 million tonnes wet weight of seaweeds were used, with just over 20 million tonnes of that cultured as opposed to wild harvest. Production is dominated by Indonesia, China and the Philippines. Indonesia produces 5.7 million t of Euchuema . China produces large amounts of: Laminaria (4.8 million t), Gracilaria (1.9 million t), Undaria (1.7 million t) and Porphyra (1.1 million t). In the Philippines, . Euchuema dominates with 1.7 million tonnes produced. These 5 seaweeds made up 96.7% of the total seaweed harvest in 2012.
Werner Kloas
Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries
Germany
Title: A new concept for aquaponic systems to improve sustainability, increase productivity, and reduce environmental impacts
Biography:
Werner Kloas has completed his PhD in 1990 and, after a postdoctoral stay in France, his habilitation in 1995 at the University of Karlsruhe, Germany. He is since 1999 head of the department of Ecophysiology and Aquaculture at the Leibniz-Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries (IGB) and he is also since 2002 distinguished professor of Endocrinology at the Humboldt University, Berlin.
Abstract:
Aquaculture is globally the fastest growing sector of agriculture that needs to be sustainable and to meet also bioeconomical demands concerning productivity and environmental impacts. In principle, aquaponics, the combination of aquaculture and horticulture within a single aquaponic recirculation system provides a sustainable approach but the productivity of both, fish and vegetables, is lower compared to separate production sites. The aim of our new concept for aquaponic systems is to improve sustainability and productivity and to reduce environmental impacts in comparison with conventional aquaculture. ASTAF-PRO (aquaponic system for the (nearly) emission-free tomato and fish production in greenhouses) is a new combination of systemic parts and constitutes of two independent recirculating units, a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) for rearing fish and a recirculating hydroponic unit producing vegetables. Both systems are connected by a one-way-valve to launch nutrient containing fish water into the hydroponic reservoir for optimization as fertilizer. Additionally the air-conditioning of the greenhouse is regaining evaporated water by condensation. The first experimental trial of the ASTAF-PRO prototype demonstrates successfully the proof of principle using a combination of tilapia and tomato production. The tilapia production revealed an optimum productivity and feed conversion ratio as in single RAS while the tomato production at least demonstrates the potential for similar efficiency as by conventional hydroponics. Thus ASTAF-PRO as a new concept reveals an improvement of sustainability, productivity, and resource efficiency with reduction of environmental impacts and might promote future application of aquaponics for food security.
Chris G Carter
University of Tasmania
Australia
Title: Tasmanian salmonid aquaculture: Historical perspectives and future drivers of research in physiology and nutrition
Biography:
Chris G Carter joined IMAS as Professor of Aquaculture Nutrition in 2009 after being Professor of Aquaculture at UTAS in Launceston since 2004. He was also the Aquaculture Program Leader for the Tasmanian Aquaculture and Fisheries Institute for 10 years. He is an international expert on feeding and nutrition physiology of aquatic ectotherms and his interests range from understanding growth to finding alternative proteins and oils for aquafeeds. He has supervised over 50 research and honours students and strongly believes research training is one of the most important roles of a University. He has been the Education Program Leader for two CRCs, served on the Graduate Board of Studies and is a recipient of the \"Dean of Graduate Studies Research Award for a Significant Contribution to Graduate Research Supervision and Education\". He is also acts as External Examiner for aquaculture courses at the University Putra Malaysia and University of Mauritius and is a member of the Editorial Board of Aquaculture Nutrition.
Abstract:
Tasmania is an island to the south of the Australian continent and is Australia’s smallest state by geography and population size. However, it is the country’s largest seafood producer by value which is mainly attributable to farmed Atlantic salmon (21% value of Australian seafood). Several salmonid species are found in Tasmania, none are endemic and all have been introduced sometime since European settlement. The State presents a unique location for aquaculture research on salmonid species due to a range of environmental, commercial and historical factors. The aim of the presentation is to present a brief historical perspective on the history of salmonids in Tasmania with a focus on research in physiology and nutrition. Tasmania is a climate change hot-spot so that changes to the marine environment often occur here before they do in other regions of the world. Historically, high water temperatures have been advantageous in promoting high growth of farmed Atlantic salmon. Generally salmon perform optimally over a wide temperature range and maintain high levels of growth performance outside the optimum temperature range. As higher temperatures are experienced more often the industry is developing responses to potential impacts of climate change. Strategies include selective breeding for robustness, developing management practices and formulating feeds for the conditions. Salmon are considered hypoxia sensitive, unexpectedly some Tasmanian salmon down regulate their metabolic rate in response to low dissolved oxygen. Sub-optimum high temperature and low dissolved oxygen increase protein and energy requirements. Feed formulation and feeding regimes can be managed accordingly. Alternative protein and oil ingredients are being investigated and provide interesting insights into the interactions between temperature, other environment factors and nutrition. There is also consideration of locally sourced ingredients. Multiple strategies based on a better understanding of physiology and nutrition is in place to support sustainable salmon farming Tasmania.
Clara Boglione
University of Rome Tor Vergata
Italy
Title: Sensorial and skeletal ontogenesis: a useful tool for the optimization of larval rearing of new candidate species for aquaculture
Biography:
Clara Boglione is at present Adjunct Professor in Applied Ecology at the Experimental Ecology and Aquaculture Laboratory of the University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy. Her research activity mainly deals with basic knowledge on fish larvae ontogenesis through the study of embryonic and larval development, morphological evaluation of finfish juveniles from aquaculture, the effects of environmental stress on fish larval ontogenesis, growth model and morphological variability in wild and reared finfish juveniles, normal and anomalous developmental processes in fish.
Abstract:
The first attempts of rearing the new finfish species for aquaculture is often based on a trial and error approach that too often is money and time consuming, for the high mortalities and the low quality of the produced fish, due to unsuitable conditions during larval differentiation and growth (i.e., unsuccessful initial feeding, cannibalism, deformities). However, knowledge on fish larvae behavior, trophic ecology and needs is almost impossible to be achieved into the wild, especially for marine pelagic fish, and the larval behavior showed in ‘forced’ environment, like the tanks, may be altered. The study of ontogenesis of sense organs (involved in perception and selection of food items) and skeleton (influencing swimming capabilities) is a precious tool to acquire information on the larval ecology, thus allowing the individuation of specific needs to be satisfied for the larva survival. Fins and vertebrae skeletogenesis marks the acquisition of peculiar, species-specific swimming behavior that must be considered in evaluating what are the best rearing tanks/conditions, whilst the ontogenesis of sense organs involved in trophic behavior may indirectly furnish some evaluable elements on trophic ecology. Ontogenetic data on Thunnus thynnus, Seriola dumerili and some Sparids are presented in order to furnish some indication for optimizing the larval rearing conditions.
Nelly Wabete
IFREMER
New Caledonia
Title: Orange gills in Litopenaeus stylirostris : A new phenomenon in Caledonian shrimp ponds
Biography:
Nelly WABETE is currently working in research Framework Department at Lagoons, Ecosystems and Sustainable Aquaculture in New Caledonia (LEAD NC), Ifremer. Mainly focused to study eco-physiological metabolism Respiratory and nutrition in penaeid shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris and application to shrimp farming in New Caledonia
Abstract:
Shrimp farming is an important economical sector in New Caledonia based on a non indigenous domesticated species, the Pacific Blue Shrimp Litopenaeus stylirostris. Animals with orange gills have been observed recently in grow-out ponds and up to 70% of the shrimp in one pond could be affected. This coloration impacts the quality product in the processing plant, leading to less-value shrimp for farmers. The phenomenon occurred when the average weight of shrimp is around 18g and after 80 days of rearing, concomitantly with a high feeding rate and an important phytoplanctonic biomass. Temporal fluctuations in gills coloration were also noticed. Individual observations allowed to conclude that gills coloration intensity varies according to the intermoult stages, from white in postmolt stage to a deep orange in premolt stage and disappeared after the molting (figure 1). Orange gills percentage was greatly reduced in shrimp population by isolating them from the soil with floating cages in earthen impacted ponds. Histological, biochemical and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies have shown that heterogeneous iron layers were settled on the tissue surface and the iron concentration was tenfold higher in the orange gills than in white ones. Some bacterial colonisations have also been observed and are assumed to be involved in the iron precipitation processes which lead to these orange colorations. Very high concentrations in dissolved iron (till 70μM) were measured in the sediment pore water suggesting an environmental triggering of the phenomenon. All these results raise questions about the impact of orange gills on shrimp health, and in which conditions this phenomenon is promoted.
Shyamalie D Senadheera
Ocean University of Sri Lanka
Sri Lanka
Title: Ornamental aquatic plants industry in Sri Lanka with special reference to constraints for booming
Biography:
Shyamalie D Senadheera has completed her BSc (Hons) and Masters Degree in Aquaculture and Fisheries Management, University of Kelaniya, Sri Lanka in 1996 and 2002. She has completed her PhD in Aquaculture Nutrition from Deakin University/Australia in 2012 being an Australian Leadership Awardee from AusAID. She is currently serving as a Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Ocean University of Sri Lanka. She has also served as the Academic Head of the Faculty. She has published 10 international journal papers in reputed journals and another 08 papers in peer reviewed local journals in addition to over 20 conference abstracts
Abstract:
An investigation was carried out to explore the current status of the ornamental aquatic plant industry with special reference to identifying the prevailing constraints for its booming and to make recommendations. During the study, numerous propagation techniques and ornamental aquatic plants were observed and identified both at private sector nurseries and the government operated aquatic plant breeding center located in North Western Province. Export data were obtained from export development board and Sri Lanka customs while the legislations pertaining to export trade were obtained from the departments of Wildlife and Forestry. The study revealed that Sri Lanka still experiences a shortage of stocks for export purposes despite having an increasing demand in the world trade. Further, international demand for aquatic plants has shown a steady increase during past several years. Despite, Europe being the strongest market for aquatic plants, currently a growth in demand has been experienced in the US market with the increasing number of species, varieties and quality. According to trade statistics, 53,830 kg of aquatic ornamental plants valued at 428663 US$ were exported to twenty countries during the period from January 2013 to August 2014. Being the major attractive species, Cryptocoryne, Anubias, Echinodorous, Aponogeton, Hygrophyla, Bacopa, Myriophyllum, Lagenandra play a vital role among exports. During the study, numerous constraints were found to exist. In addressing prevailing constraints, it is recommended to launch subsidiary schemes by the government for the private sector growers/exporters while providing them with required technical knowhow to boon this industry of economic importance.
Biography:
Sébastien Hochard is PhD in Marine Environmental Science (University of Aix-Marseille, France) and specialized in the biogeochemical functioning of shallow coastal ecosystems. He achieved postdoctoral position at Ifremer and the University of New-Caledonia, and studied benthic pelagic coupling in shrimp pond monoculture and co culture with rabbit fish. He worked with ADECAL on the biogeochemical functioning of biofloc. He is now in charge of the HOBICAL project financed by the ZoNéco Program, which aim to insert the aquaculture of Holothuria. scabra in the New-Caledonian aquaculture based on shrimp production.
Abstract:
The dramatic decrease of natural stock of H. scabra led to a rising interest for its aquaculture in south-east pacific region, but rearing strategies still need to be improved. In New-Caledonia, former trial showed that direct co-culture with shrimp was not viable. Rotational culture in earthen pond with shrimp could be an interesting approach for the territory. In this context two goals are pursued, maximize the zootechnic performances of H. scabra (growth, survival and carrying capacity) and bioremediate the pond sediment for the next shrimp crop. For this purpose, we have conducted a two step experiment in mesocosms. First, we have grown holothuria using different nutrition protocols (no food, corn waste, fish flour) and followed environmental conditions and processes (sediment metabolism, benthic Chla, sediment organic matter composition and nutrient content) and zootechnic performances. In the second step, we have selected the treatments which led to the best bioremediation and to the best growth. These two treatments were reused for a crop of shrimp and compared to shrimp monoculture. The first step showed that feeding H. scabra with corn waste enhanced growth rate at the beginning of the experiment compared to the no food treatment. Nevertheless it did not permitted to outcome the carrying capacity of the system. Feeding led to an enrichment of the system and only the no food treatment led to an observable remediation of the sediment. The second step, the shrimp crop is still under process until June 2015, and results will be presented during the conference.
Biography:
Muhammad Naeem Khan presently, working as Professor of Zoology, University of the Punjab, Lahore, He started his career in 1986 as Assistant Director Fisheries, Government of Punjab after his Masters from University of the Punjab, became Deputy Director Fisheries in 1989 and Director of Fisheries Department in 1996 after completion of my Ph.D., from the University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada. After serving Government of Punjab for 16 years, in 2003, He joined the University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore as it’s founding Dean & Professor, Faculty of Fisheries & Wildlife. In his capacity as Chairman, He established two new Department of Fisheries & Aquaculture and Department of Wildlife & Ecosystems at UVAS during 2003-2004. Soon after his appointment as Professor of Zoology at the University of the Punjab, He served as the founding Director of External Linkages for one year and finally as Registrar (Principal Administrative Officer) of the university from March 2005 to September 2010. A Post Doctorate from Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, He is recipient of twenty-seven (27) Distinctions, Honors & Academic Achievements, including five (5) Gold Medals/Awards, author of forty three (43) internationally published and forty eight (48) nationally published research papers and have attended twenty eight (28) international conferences overseas. He had supervised the research of two (2) PhD and many graduate students. He had been Member of various prestigious university bodies and statutory organs like university Senate, Syndicate, Selection Board, Academic Council, Finance & Planning Committee, Advanced Studies & Research Board, Affiliation Committee, Boards of Faculties, Board of Studies etc. He had unique and diversified twenty eight (28) years of academic, administrative, governmental, research and university level higher education administration and management experience to my credit.
Abstract:
Most of the United Arab Emirates (UAE)’s coastline of about 1318 km lies along the Persian Gulf, with only a minor (6.82%) portion falling in the Gulf of Oman in the east. UAE / Dubai although surprised the world with its land mark marine projects like artificial islands of “Palm Jumeirahâ€, “Palm Jebel Aliâ€, “Deira Island†and “The World Islands†but far simpler marine and aquaculture projects like those in developed countries to raise fish in sea cages have yet to be developed here. Despite establishing a novel, unique, land-based chilled Recirculation Aquaculture System (RSA) of onshore pools for salmon aquaculture with a cost of USD 27 Million and a prized caviar sturgeon farm, UAE has yet to develop and exploit true potential of its aquaculture. The author recently surveyed a small portion of UAE west coast along the Persian Gulf and observed that the country is having many natural inlets and suitable sites for coastal &marine aquaculture. Considering the trade, business and investment boom witnessed by UAE during the last 2-3 decade and considering the ease, with which the new and modern technologies are imported, adopted and transferred to the country, the transfer of Australian marine aquaculture technologies can be very advantageous to the UAE fish production system. The prospects of culture of marine finfish in open pen-sea cage aquaculture in UAE are enormous as hydrographical and farming conditions are suitable /similar to other aquaculture rich regions of the world. It is recommended that a new state of art technical facility for fish seed production and aquaculture demonstration center for sea cages of a globally established and proven aquaculture fish species like barramundi (Asian sea bass) (Lates calcarifer) etc. be established in UAE. Australia being the global leader in barramundi aquaculture can transfer technology and provide aquaculture leadership to emerging markets in Middle East. It is anticipated that Australian cage aquaculture technologies can be promoted on a large commercial/industrial scale in Persian Gulf coast of UAE as these waters are known to have suitable natural productivity, water quality and rearing temperatures in the area. The booming tourism industry in UAE will get a further boost by this new type of marine food production and eco-tourism. Similarly aquaculture will help reduce pressure on traditional capture fishing operations and the coastal environment and its beauty will be least affected by these operations. The paper will discuss the prospects of transfer of globally established Australian barramundi aquaculture and sea food technologies to UAE and Middle East.
Suchitra Varior
Indegene Life systems Pvt. Ltd
India
Title: Feed derived toxins and its importance in eco friendly and sustainable aquaculture practices
Biography:
Suchitra Varior has completed her PhD from Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi, India. She has worked on the biochemical and molecular effects of aflatoxins on Tilapia as part of her doctoral research. She is currently a Senior Analyst in Indegene Life systems Pvt. Ltd., a leading global provider of clinical, commercial, and marketing solutions to global life science and health care organizations. She has published several papers in peer reviewed journals.
Abstract:
Aquaculture in its versatile form is getting popular in all parts of the world with indigenous technologies and approaches. Indeed it is essential to ensure food security and nutritional demands of growing populations. Organic practice of aquaculture is equally important while propagating scientific farming process in order to make the entire process sustainable and eco-friendly. Toxicological studies carried out in model organisms like Tilapia brought out interesting results with applications in farming practices. Various toxins brought into the system through aqua feeds and by way of chemicals for pond preparations are causing moderate to severe harmful effects to aquatic organisms and to the end users. The impact of toxins like AflatoxinB1 seen associated with feeds still remains to be a serious threat. One of the viable alternatives would be to integrate the use of live feeds as well the formulated feeds. More and more feed formulations using natural algal and sea weeds extracts could also serve well to make the entire process more organic in nature.
Zaleha Kassim
International Islamic University
Malaysia
Title: Life cycle of a benthic harpscticoid in Laboratory condition and effect of some environmental factors on population growth
Biography:
Zaleha Kassim is an Associate professor in Marine Science Department, Kulliyyah of Science, International Islamic University, Malaysia
Abstract:
Copepods are recently reported as a potential live feed to be used to replace our dependency on Artemia and rotifers in larviculture activity. Nonetheless, the number of the identified copepod species which potentially been use for mass production is still very limited.This study was carried out to determine the development time and sizesof the different stage of a marine harpacticoid copepod, Amphiascoidesneglectus cultured in laboratory condition. Theirpopulation growth when cultured in the different temperature, pH and salinity were also monitored. The culture was started with 50 adults in the sex ratio of 1:1 and the gravid females were observed until the end of egg-hatching period. Total development time between NI and CI stage is 63.67 ± 1.15hours (2.66 ± 0.05days) while between CI and adult stage is 89.97 ± 3.06hours (3.74 ± 0.13days). The size of naupliar stages varies from 53.86µm to 112.12µm (width) and 97.52 µm to 178.24 µm (length) and copepodite stages from 226.25 µm to 492.12 µm. The size of adult for male and female is 579.58µm and 593.98µm respectively. The highest population density is found in the combination of 28 °C, pH 9 and 25ppt culture condition (45.34 ± 5.54individual/ml). Naupliar production is highest in the treatment of 25 °C, pH 9 and 25 ppt (15.00 ± 2.00 individual/ml). The highest copepoditesand gravid females density is found in 28 °C, pH 9 and 25ppt which is 15.67 ± 1.53 individual/ml and3.67 ± 0.58 individual/ml respectively.The maximum specific growth rate, K is 0.1472 ± 0.0012. This study suggests that the optimum condition for the population growth of A. neglectuscould possibly at temperature 28 °C, pH 9 and salinity 25 ppt.
K S Tilak
Acharya Nagarjuna University
India
Title: Pesticide residues in aquatic organisms: Fish and frog
Biography:
K S TILAK is a doctorate from Andhra University, Waltair, AP, India, the former Dean of faculty of Natural Sciences, Chairman Board of Studies (PG) Zoology and Head of the Department of Zoology and Aquaculture having 40 years of research experience in the filed of “Aquatic Toxicologyâ€, having guided 29 research degrees, published 72 research papers in International and National Journals recipient of prestigious ‘Archana Gold Medal’ by Academy of environmental biology, Editor and Reviewer of reputed Journals, attended and conducted International and National conference in Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar-522 510. AP. India.
Abstract:
The standard methods and guidelines prescribed by EPA for TLC and GLC procedures, the tissues of fish and frog viz. Gill, Muscle, Liver kidney, Brain and Tests (Frog only) were extracted, cleaned up and concentrated to less than one ml and are qualified and quantified. The qualified residues by their standard ‘Rf values’ and are repository at nano level. The residues are varied in different tissues of fish and also in different fish as well as in frog due to lipophillic nature. The latent residues are known to bioaccumulate via the food chain and reach human beings and the risk to the health of the people may be cautioned. The bio-concentrations will show an impact on reproductive impairment of the commercially important fishes and to higher carnivores especially to birds. The need to protect the fast declining population like frogs which are natural pest controllers from under exposure to insecticides cannot be ignored too a part from consumption of fish and frog. In disease management of aqua farming, the chemical treatment is contemplated and use of organo phosphates like chloropyriphos result to reach a level either acute or chronic and the fish are subjected to more stress, avoid feeding which is determintal for their growth. An attempt has been made to study the effect of three mixed pesiticides in ratios as 1: 1 : 1 (Organochlorine-Endosulphate, Organophosphate-Dimetheote and a Synthetic pyrathrod Cypermethrin. The results of the study revealed that prolonged exposure to sublethal concentration of mixture of pesticides ratios in the fish Labeo rohita leads to increased accumulation. The study also revealed that at sublethal concentrations of pesticide mixture lead to high residue concentrations. The uptake and persistence of endosulphan, dimetheote and cypermethrin varies according to the residues which is a prerequisite to observe any biochemical or histopathological change which are the really the indices of toxicity. It is also confirmed that many of the bio chemical changes in the tissues resulting to do away from their normal functions and triggers of a cascade mechanism that reverberate.
Tilak K S
Acharya Nagarjuna University
India
Title: Toxicity and other effects of pesticides to fresh water fishes
Biography:
K S TILAK is a doctorate from Andhra University, Waltair, AP, India, the former Dean of faculty of Natural Sciences, Chairman Board of Studies (PG) Zoology and Head of the Department of Zoology and Aquaculture having 40 years of research experience in the filed of “Aquatic Toxicologyâ€, having guided 29 research degrees, published 72 research papers in International and National Journals recipient of prestigious ‘Archana Gold Medal’ by Academy of environmental biology, Editor and Reviewer of reputed Journals, attended and conducted International and National conference in Acharya Nagarjuna University, Nagarjunanagar-522 510. AP. India.
Abstract:
Adopting static and flow-through methods of APHA, acute toxicity of diverse pesticides (both technical and commercial grades) to native select freshwater food fish was assessed at different intervals, i.e., 24h, 48h, 72h and 96h. Toxicity experiments were also conducted by mixing the pesticides of different classes in varied ratios. The results revealed species-specific toxicity of the pesticides. LC50 values were higher in static rather than flow-through tests, the latter simulating the near-natural conditions. Generally the toxicity varied with duration of exposure, and for some pesticides, 48h-LC 50 value remained unchanged even at 96h. The formulations proved more toxic than technical grades, and some resultant metabolites more toxic than their parent compounds; also, toxicity in different ratios was additive or cumulative or synergistic. Various parameters like oxygen consumption, biochemical, haematological and histopathological changes, and the qualitative confirmation by TLC, quantitative estimation by GLC, and protein profiling were studied following standard procedures. The results observed on different species varied with the toxicants. Decrease in oxygen consumption due to conversion of haemoglobin to methemoglobin, which can be thwarted by substituting required amino acid in the feed management of aquacultural practices. Qualitative confirmations provide basic information for tissue deposition, which, in turn, triggers off biochemical and histopathological changes, making it unfit for human consumption and impairment of quick growth making the fish unsuitable for aquaculture by which it can not be sustainable. A decrement in acetyl cholinesterase wherein abnormal behaviour was noticed and it has also resulted in fish deprived of natural and artificial feed. Histo pathologically, the first organ succumb damage is the gill wherein the architectural design is altered leading to changes in physiological processes of respiration and excretion. In other vital organs of the fish, brain, liver and kidney are also resulted in considerable damage to do away their normal functions. The residue of pesticides are qualified by confirming with their standard “Rf†values and after only they can be estimated by GLC which revealed as the uptake of the toxicants and further changes reverberate as in cascade mechanism. A chance of eating such latent residues as repository due to palatability of human beings, bioaccumulation may be cautioned.
Biography:
Elham Maghsoudloo completed her MSc. in Fisheries Sciences,Science & Research Branch, Islamic Azad University,Tehran, Iran
Abstract:
This project was carried out in this case study to determine some of culture management indices affecting great sturgeon, Huso huso, production on seven sturgeon farms in the Caspian Sea Region of Iran from 2005 to 2008. The indices were studied using the Cobb-Douglas Production Function. The indices such as useful area, fish size, weight gain, protein and fat percentage were at the 1% significance level, the number of fry and feed use were at the 5%, 10% significance level, respectively. Stocking density and feed conversion ratio were non-significant. In this regards to elasticity obtained for per variable, useful area and fish size have elasticity>1 and feed use has elasticity<1. Also the productivity per unit (kg/m2) for four farms is less than the standard levels in semi-intensive systems and only in three farms, its productivity is in according to standard level in 2008. On average, every farm with 2,200 m2 of culture useful area and 6,604 pieces of fish has produced 37.37 tons (17.04 kg/m2) great sturgeon in 2008.
Anwar Hossain
University of Dhaka
Bangladesh
Title: Effects of live tubificid worms on growth performance and survival of stinging catfish, Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch, 1794)
Biography:
Anwar Hossain is an Assistant Professor in Department of Fisheries in University of Dhaka
Abstract:
Stinging catfish (Heteropneustesfossilis, Bloch, 1794) is very popular and high valued fish in Bangladesh. Due to high nutritive value, the fish is recommended in the diet of sick and convalescent patients. Presently, stinging catfish is declared as one of the threatened fish in Bangladesh (IUCN Bangladesh, 2000). Considering its status, it is essential to develop a suitable culture technique to sustain this threatened fish in wild nature. However, very little published literatures are available on growth and production of stinging catfish in pond, tank and net cages in Bangladesh (Haque et al. 1988). In the present experiment, growth performance, survival and flesh quality of stinging catfishwere evaluated using three types of feeds namely live tubificid worm, tubificid powder and commercial pellet feed. Three feeds were used in three treatments where Treatment-T1using pellet feed (control), Treatment-T2 using tubificidpowder and Treatment-T3 using live tubificid worms. Ten fingerlings (W=8.04 ± 0.01 g) were stocked in each 50L tank with three replicates for 45 days rearing in laboratory condition. The fishes were fed twice a day at 10% of body weight for first 15 days and 8% per day for the next 30 days. Fish sampling was done at 15 days interval. Significantly higher mean body weight W=48.53 ± 1.13 gwas found in stinging catfish at 45th day fed with live tubificid worm than that of others (P<0.05). The highest survival rate 91.67±1.67%, average daily gain (ADG)0.97 ± 0.01 g day-1, specific growth rate (SGR) 4.58 ± 0.05%, protein content 17.48 ± 0.28%and lowest food conversion ratio(FCR)1.52 ± 0.02 were found in treatment T3 while live tubificid worms were used as feed. The present study suggests that live tubificid worms may be used as a good alternative to commercial feed in rearing of stinging catfish particularly to overcome the suffocating problem in nursing period.
K Hema
Tamilnadu Fisheries University
India
Title: Development of ready to serve restructured surimi product from minced meat of Leather Jacket (Triacanthus brevirosterus)
Biography:
K Hema is currently a PhD scholar in Department of Fish Processing Technology, Fisheries College and Research Institute of Tamilnadu Fisheries University.
Abstract:
Low valued finfish, (Triacanthus brevirosterus) popularly known as “white tripod†or leather jacket were used for the preparation of minced meat, surimi and subsequently, the restructured surimi gel products. Restructured surimi gel product was prepared using short nosed white tripod (Triacanthus brevirosterus) with egg white as additive at 1%. Heat setting was done initially at 45oC for 30 min followed by heat processing 90oC for 45 min. Restructured surimi gel in stew was standardised using four most popular recipes available in local cuisine based on the sensory acceptance and the Kerala fish stew was considered best. Restructured surimi gel in Kerala fish stew was then heat processed in 4 ply laminated retort pouch of dimension 150x 200mm, at 15 psi gauge pressure for varying time duration and the Fo values ranged from 13.10 to 22.58 min. Products examined of their organoleptic and microbial qualities showed those processed with Fo value of 13.10 min was acceptable with excellent eating quality with no fishy flavour and was microbial sterile until the storage period of 6 months.
Biography:
Bashiru Ayobami Ismaila is a Postgraduate student from the Faculty of Aquaculture and Fisheries and presently working on the topic: ''Characterization and Comparison of Genetic Strains in Clariid Species and Clarias gariepinus using Microsatellite Markers in the African and Aborigines Regions.
Abstract:
This study is proposed to examine the population structure and genetic distance between two species: Clariid species and Clarias gariepinus using microsatellite markers comparing from the Africa and aborigines region. Genetic strains of 20 domesticated samples of both species were characterized with four microsatellite markers. 95% of the samples amplified upon PCR amplification and 44.3% of the total alleles observed for all the loci were heterozygote. Analysis showed that all the four loci were polymorphic for all the samples, observed and expected heterozygosity had mean values of 0.4438±0.1116 and 0.9025±0.0211 respectively.
Khalid Perviaz
Fisheries Research & Training Institute
Pakistan
Title: Reproductive analysis of indus mahseer tor macrolepis (Heckel, 1838) (Teleostei: Cyprinidae)
Biography:
Khalid Pervaiz got M.Sc. Degree in Zoology with distinction in 1986 and later on, was awarded PhD degree in Zoology on his Thesis of Indus Mahseer in 2013 from University of the Punjab, Pakistan. He has published more than twenty research publications in International and national peer reviewed journals. He has also published a book titled, “A Monograph On Indus Mahseer Tor macrolepis (Heckle, 1838)†by LAMBERT Academic Publishing from Germany. He started service carrier in Wildlife Department, Government of the Punjab and conducted important Wildlife census in Pakistan. Later on, joined Education Department as lecturer in Biology and taught Zoology at graduate level for two year. In Fisheries Department served as Assistant Director Fisheries for conservation and extension of freshwater fisheries in Pakistan. He has been deputed as Fisheries technocrat / Under-Secretary to Secretary Fisheries, Government of the Punjab for several years. He has also served as Quality Manager in Fish Quality Control Labs and worked for accreditation of Lab under ISO 17025. Presently, he is serving as Deputy Director Fisheries / Research coordinator at Fisheries Research & Training Institute Lahore and involved in various independent and collaborative research projects of Aquaculture and Fisheries development.
Abstract:
A study on reproductive biology and development of Indus mahseer, Tor macrolepis (Heckel) was conducted for one year at Fish Nursery Attock, Pakistan. During this study, controlled breeding without exogenous hormones was carried out. Absolute and relative fecundity was found to be related to wet body weight, total length and standard length in Indus mahseer. The species exhibits two breeding seasons i.e., April-May and August-September in one year. Ova diameter for early and late breeding season was observed as m: 2.885±0.07, hatching time 85.5-94 hrs with survival 93% and m: 3.07±0.13, hatching time 82-90 hrs with survival 87% respectively .Mean values of absolute fecundity of the species was found as 2688 ova per kg±1234.616; range 890-5080 and relative fecundity as 3.57±0.704; range 1.8-4.37.
- Track 2: Fish Habitat Ecology and Conservation
Track 4: Aquaculture and Biosystem Research
Track 5: Aquatic Organism’s Byproducts and Their Application
Track 7: Zebra Fish : A Biological Model Organism
Track 8: Diversification in Aquaculture
Chair
Kirsten Hiemann
Associate Professor
James Cook University
Australia
Co-Chair
Chaoshu Zeng
Associate Professor
James Cook University
Australia
Session Introduction
Kazuko Miyagawa Kohshima
Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University
Japan
Title: Embryonic learning of chemical cues via the parents host in Anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris)
Biography:
Kazuko Miyagawa-Kohshima completed her PhD from Kyoto University and Postdoctoral studies from the Suntory Institute for Bioorganic Research. She along with colleagues succeeded to identify some attractants which functions in anemonefish-sea anemone partnerships. She has taught biology and ethology as a part-time Lecturer in Kyoto Institute of Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Komazawa University, and Atomi University. Currently, she is working as a Researcher in the Wildlife Research Center of Kyoto University. He main research interest lies in solving problems of the fascinating symbiosis between anemonefish and sea.
Abstract:
It is known that each anemone fish inhabits species-specific symbiotic anemone(s) in the Indo-Pacific Ocean, and has been demonstrated that each anemonefish juveniles reach their hosts by recognizing chemicals emitted from symbiotic anemone(s). We studied this species-specific host-recognition system of anemonefish experimentally, with a particular focus on the function of imprinting using naive Amphiprion ocellaris juveniles. We demonstrated the embryonic and immediate post-hatching learning of chemical cues via the parents' host in A. ocellaris through a host-exchange experiment with egg batches during hatching. This is why anemonefish parents lay their eggs very close to their host anemone, the eggs almost always touching the host's body or tentacles. The memory obtained from such imprinting operates at the time when juveniles first search for their hosts. Unexpectedly, innate recognition was found to exist not only in the symbiotic host species but also weakly in two non-partner species. Innate recognition alone is not sufficient. Imprinting via the parents' host complements innate recognition, leading to rigid species-specific host recognition. Imprinting by the parents' single host provides a sufficient cue for reaching the two host species. Furthermore, when combined with imprinting, innate recognition of non-partners serves to supplement the recognition of those species, leading to substitute partnerships that are only observed in some localities. In short, innate non-partnerrecognition is considered to be a type of spare recognition. We will discuss potential functions of imprinting in the host-recognition system.
Biography:
Sébastien Hochard is PhD in Marine Environmental Science (University of Aix-Marseille, France) and specialized in the biogeochemical functioning of shallow coastal ecosystems. He achieved postdoctoral position at Ifremer and the University of New-Caledonia, and studied benthic pelagic coupling in shrimp pond monoculture and co culture with rabbit fish. He worked with ADECAL on the biogeochemical functioning of biofloc. He is now in charge of the HOBICAL project financed by the ZoNéco Program, which aim to insert the aquaculture of Holothuria. scabra in the New-Caledonian aquaculture based on shrimp production
Abstract:
Although sediment is considered as an important detritic component of earthen ponds used in shrimp production, benthic primary production is usually considered as negligible. Yet Benthic Micro Algae (BMA) are a major component of shallow marine ecosystem functioning. They produce labile organic matter at the sediment surface and control the nutrient exchanges at the water-sediment interface. Thus BMA may have an influence on the benthic pelagic coupling during the rearing period and influence the dynamics of water quality and phytoplankton communities. This may have direct consequences in the pond management strategy. These issues were investigated in the context of New Caledonian shrimp aquaculture, which is based on the rearing of Litopenaeus stylirostris in semi intensive pond. Author scientific approach included both industrial pond surveys and mesocosm experiments. Authors’ research showed that BMA could reach a biomass that exceeded phytoplankton biomass in both systems. BMA biomass was controlled by nutrient input (food), light availability and shrimp bioturbation. BMA activity had a significant contribution to the total pond metabolism and had an important role in the control of nutrient exchanges at the water-sediment interface. The controlling factors appeared to be different for nitrogen and phosphorus, leading to fluctuating release of nutrients from the sediment to the water column, both in term of fluxes and N/P ratio. These have direct consequences on the pond management. They had discuss these features in term of fertilization strategy, and pond sediment monitoring and management.
Mike Moore
Keeton Industries Inc.,
USA
Title: Increasing yield by managing aquatic microbiological communities.
Biography:
Mike Moore is an accomplished aquatic biologist with international experience in shrimp and finfish culture. He works for Keeton Industries, Incorporated, the manufacturer of aquaculture’s finest microbial products. He has worked for governmental and private organizations for 20 years, improving processes and production in the United States and internationally.
Abstract:
Where there is water there is bacteria. Determining the dominant species of bacteria and their role in your aquatic community is critical to improving cultural conditions and reducing susceptibility to disease and opportunistic pathogens. Whether you grow extensively, intensively, biofloc, or not, understanding the importance of managing your microbiology is paramount to the health and development of your crop. If you desire improved feed conversion, growth, and yield, and/or improved water quality, reduced organic load, environmental contamination, and bad odors, managing your microbial community can be the solution. Increasing yield and profits is most easily accomplished when you understand your microbiological conditions and utilize the appropriate species to improve cultural practices. Don’t leave your microbiological community to chance.
Biography:
Maruf Kasim is a professor and Aquatic Resources and Conservation Specialist in Faculty of Fishery and Marine Science of Haluoleo University
Abstract:
Kappaphycusalvarezii and Eucheumadenticulatum are few species of seaweeds that widely cultivated by coastal community in Indonesia. However currently, Eucheumasp. production was significantly reduced caused by many problems such as herbivorous attack in field cultivation. This study aims to examine the effect of utilization of new seaweeds cultivation method on monthly production. New methods of seaweeds cultivation are floating cages. The research was conducted during March to December 2013 in Lakeba seaweeds cultivation area, Baubau city, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia. Underwater observation was conducted to observe the effect of floating cages on herbivorous. To calculate the effectives of Floating cages design, we were using three different design size of Floating cages, (200x200x50 cm, 200x400x50 cm and 100x400x50 cm). In terms to analyze the effect of floating cage on seaweeds production, we were compare the production of K. alverazii and Eucheumadenticulatum by using long line methods and floating cages methods.The results showed that the floating cages completely keep and eliminate pests on seaweed.Ideal size being used for the cultivation of seaweed are 100 x 400 x 60 cm. The size design, are highly mobile and easily moved to desired location. In the period of cultivation of 50 and 90 days was observed that E. denticulatum were cultured with floating cages have average growth 389.2 g and 865.8 g, respectively. While the cultivated with longline average growth is 236.7 g and 531.8 g, respectively. This shows a fairly significant difference of both. As for the K. alverazii seen that during the cultivation of 50 and 90 days, the average growth of the weight is 329.3 g and 740 g respectively. While cultured with longline, average growth is 177.5 g and 487.5 g, respectively.Growth K alvarazii, looks slower than the E. denticulatum. Trend growth of both species tend to be highly increased after 50 days and decreased after a 70-day maintenance period. The cultivation by using floating cages produces fairly good growth with no of pest attacks that can affect growth rates.
Biography:
Mst Nahid Akter is now going to finish her PhD at the age of 35 years from Universiti Sains Malaysia under the School of Biological Sciences. She awarded as a PhD fellow by OWSD. She has teaching experience in a reputed public university in Bangladesh. She has published 1 paper in Aquaculture International journal and about 10 papers in reputed local Bangladeshi journals. She has attended 3 international symposium in various Asian countries and several workshop in Malaysia
Abstract:
The influence of the dietary probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus on growth performance, digestive enzyme activities, gut histo-morphology and microflora was determined in striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) juveniles. Four diets containing L. acidophilus at 103, 105, 107 and 109 CFU/g of diet and control (without L. acidophilus supplementation) were prepared and fed to triplicate groups of striped catfish juveniles (initial weight of 21.69±0.18 g) twice daily at 2.5% of fish body weight for 12 weeks. Weight gain, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio in the groups fed 105 and 107 CFU/g of L. acidophilus were significantly improved (P<0.05) compared to the remaining treatment groups. Further, compared to control and fish fed low (103 CFU/g) L. acidophilus supplementation, those fed 105 and 107 CFU/g had significantly higher (P<0.05) apparent protein digestibility. Except for lipase activity, inclusion of L. acidophilus at 107 CFU/g diet significantly increased amylase and protease activities. Microscopic analysis showed that the villi length in both the anterior and posterior gut and microvilli length in the posterior gut only increased significantly (P<0.05) in fish fed L. acidophilus supplementation at 105 and 107 CFU/g of diet. The fish fed L. acidophilus supplemented diets significantly increased the total count of lactic acid bacteria in the gut of striped catfish compared to the control fed group. However, L. acidophilus supplementation did not show any significant effect of striped catfish survival. Based on gut histo-morphology and growth performance, inclusion of L. acidophilus at 105 CFU/g seem to have the most positive effect of striped catfish juvenile farming.
Nastaran Mazloumi
University of Adelaide
Australia
Title: Swimming performance of juvenile temperate fish in response to climate change
Biography:
Nastaran Mazloumi was the University of Adelaide International Scholarship (ASI) holder since 2012 started the PhD at the age of 24. Graduated in bachelor of Fisheries engineering (Aquatics Ecology) and master of “Aquaculture†with experience in aquaculture engineering and fish physiology. Researched different aspects of marine and fresh water fish biology, ecology and physiology including, fish stocking and husbandry (from small to large sizes), working with different sizes of “Swim chamber respirometer†and metabolic rate measurements by “Lab chart†and “Auto-Resp†software, otolith chronology and modelling with ‘R’. She served as an expert in charge of research and process of warm water fish reproduction and culture from March 21, 2008 to June, 2011 in “Pisciculture Production Cooperative No.12 in Rasht, Iran. Authored and co-authored different articles and presented papers at domestic and international conferences
Abstract:
Climate change is predicted to affect populations of marine fish through effects on swimming behavior. Warming causes impairment of oxygen consumption and locomotion in ectotherms. We used generalized linear mixed model (GLMM) to determine the influence of four different temperatures (16, 19, 22 and 25°C) and two different levels of salinity (30ppt and 40ppt) on critical swimming performance (Ucrit) of juvenile King George whiting (Sillaginodes punctatus), a commercially and recreationally important temperate fish in southern Australia. When estimated the critical swimming performance (Ucrit) of the juveniles. Differences in Ucrit were largely explained by Salinity and increased by increasing salinity from 30 to 40ppt. Findings from the present study demonstrated that, despite of no meaningful relationship between the Ucrit and temperature at salinity 30ppt, Ucrit was higher in 22°C, at salinity 40ppt in compare with other temperatures. Evaluating physiological responses of juvenile fish to climate change is beneficial for understanding a thermal niche of individuals and estimating their adaptation to warming.
Fran Humphries
Griffith University
Australia
Title: Patenting genetic material in aquaculture: a red herring or an emerging issue to tackle?
Biography:
Fran Humphries is a PhD candidate at Griffith University researching the role of patent law defenses for sharing aquatic genetic material in aquaculture. She has worked as a Judge’s Associate, legal practitioner, policy maker, legislation drafter, mediator and law lecturer. Fran has developed significant policy and legislation for managing Queensland’s fisheries resources, aquaculture, agriculture and Indigenous customary fishing and has published in the area of patent law. Fran also holds a Bachelor of Arts/Laws (Honors) degree from the University of Queensland and a Master of Laws degree from Dalhousie University Canada specializing in Traditional Ecological Knowledge and the precautionary principle.
Abstract:
Patents can have both a positive and negative effect on innovation in aquaculture. On the one hand they may encourage investment for developing new strains. On the other hand, they may tie up genetic resources that may have otherwise been freely used by breeders or researchers. This presentation considers the role and use of patent law for protecting new strains in aquaculture from unauthorized replication. While patents are not yet as extensive in aquaculture compared with other fields, there are issues that need to be addressed from the outset to protect aquaculture’s increasingrole in global food security. A central problem for breeders is determining the extent to which progeny of self-replicating patented genetic material inventions may be controlled by the patent holder. In addressing this problem, the presentation highlights various defenses against infringement including those excusing experimental use of patented aquatic genetic material. It also explores breeding defenses and innocent bystander defenses that are emerging in agriculture but which also may have future relevance to aquaculture. The presentation concludes that as patents start to take hold in aquaculture, breeders need clarity on the circumstances in which they can make a cross with an aquatic strain that includes a patented genetic sequence or trait that is not expressed in their new strain.
Wahidatul Husna Zuldin
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Malaysia
Title: The Cultivation of Red Seaweed (Rhodophytes, Kappaphycus sp.) in Raceway Culture System
Biography:
Wahidatul Husna Zuldin has completed herBSc. Molecular Bioscience and Biotechnology from Rochester Institute of Technology, NY, USA at the age of 22 and Masters in Aquaculture from Universiti Malaysia Sabah at the age of 25.She has presented her research in International Conference on Marine Science and Aquaculture in 2013 and 2014. She is also the member of Asian Society of Ichthyologists after presented a paper on seahorses during Asian Fish Biodiversity Conference 2014.Indeed, she is an energetic young researcher who has keen interests in further exploring the world of aquaculture.
Abstract:
Little is known on the performance of seaweed cultivated in land-based facilities. The present study was conducted to determine the performance of Kappaphycussp.cultivated in customized raceway culture system. Two red seaweed species (K. alvarezii variety Brown Tambalang, BT and K. striatum variety Green Flower, GF) were selected and cultivated using suspended method of seaweed cultivation. Three 40-days trials were conducted in September until December 2014. The raceway tank was equipped with continuous high water flow with the inlet flow-rate of 625 mLs-1 and outlet flow-rate of 383 mLs-1, and optimum water parameters comprised of salinity, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO) level, pH and light intensity ranged from 29.90 ppt to 34.65 ppt, 〖27.51〗^o C to 〖34.94〗^o C, 5.17 to 6.51, 7.69 to 8.64 and 5993 lux to 6004 lux, respectively. Based on the findings, red seaweed grew in the customized raceway tank with the average daily growth rate of 2.14±0.17 %〖 day〗^(-1) for K. striatum var. GF and 2.67±0.37 %〖 day〗^(-1)for K. alvarezii var. BT. No fertilizers or enrichments were added during the cultivation period. In conclusion, raceway tank can be successfully used in cultivating Kappaphycus sp. These findings are significant to provide a baseline data and facilitate the land-based seaweed farming in the future.
Deepika Anand
Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE)
India
Title: Expression profiles of two downstream signalling molecules of Toll-pathway in Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon), Cactus and Dorsal genes in response to infection with white spot syndrome virus and Vibrio harveyi
Biography:
Deepika Anand is currently an PhD student in Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri, West Mumbai, India
Abstract:
Shrimp aquaculture industry has faced severe economic losses due to devastating diseases affecting shrimp especially white spot syndrome (WSSV) and vibriosis which caused massive mortality in many species of penaeid shrimp. In order to generate protection strategies against diseases, it is essential to gain better understanding of the defense system of shrimp. Innate immunity is the first-line of defense in shrimps. Previously, we characterised MyD88 and TRAF6, two innate immune genes in the Toll pathway of Penaeus monodon and studied the response of these genes against WSSV challenge both in vivo and in vitro which revealed that Toll-pathway in P. monodon responds to WSSV infection. Dorsal (NF-kappa B homolog) and Cactus (IkB homolog), two downstream signalling molecules in the Toll-pathway have been characterised from Litopenaeus vannamei and Fenneropenaeus chinensis showing varied antibacterial/antiviral response. In the present study, the temporal expression profiles of Dorsal and Cactus from tiger shrimp, P. monodon in response to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Vibrio harveyi was studied in post-larvae and selected tissues of juvenile of P.monodon after immersion challenge as well as upon injection in adult shrimp. Moreover, the response of these genes was also studied upon WSSV challenge in vitro in primary haemocyte cultures of P. monodon. PmCactus and PmDorsal displayed varying expression pattern in response to immersion challenge with WSSV in PL-18 and most of the tested tissues of juveniles. However, complete down-regulation of PmDorsal could be noticed in hepatopancreas at all time points. Upon injection, PmCactus expression was up-regulated in haemocytes and lymphoid organ at most of the time-points tested. Peak up-regulation was observed at 24 hours post-infection for both gill and midgut. PmDorsal expression was up-regulated in haemocytes and gill at all time-points. However, up-regulation was noticed only at few time-points for both lymphoid organ and midgut. PmCactus and PmDorsal showed up-regulated expression in response to WSSV at early time-points tested, 6 hours and 2 hours respectively in vitro in primary haemocyte cultures. Similarly, varied temporal expression pattern of these immune-relevant genes could be noticed upon challenge with Vibrio harveyi. The modulation of expression of these genes in response to WSSV in vivo as well as in vitro and V. harveyi in vivo suggests their possible role in immune responses in shrimp against viruses as well as bacteria.
Nieva J A
The Marine Science Institute
Malaysia
Title: Sulfated polysaccharide from Sargassum spp. in Bolinao, Pangasinan, Philippines
Biography:
Nieva J A is currently working on Seaweed Chemistry in The Marine Science Institute, Velasquez St, University of the Philippines
Abstract:
Somatic (wet weight and equatorial and polar test diameters), gonad production (gonadosomatic index) and gonad quality (color) of the sea urchin T.gratilla reared in plastic basins to determine the effect of light exposure were done in vitro from December 2011 to May 2012. The experiment consisted of four treatments with three equal replications arranged in a completely randomized design as follows: Treatment I - 12 hours exposure; Treatment II - 8 hours exposure; Treatment III - 4 hours exposure; and Treatment IV - no exposure time. Results show that organisms in treatments III and IV had significantly (p≤0.05) higher growth rates (wet weight and test diameters) than the organisms in treatments I and II. In terms of gonad growth (GSI) and quality (color), the organisms reared in shorter light exposure time showed significantly better gonad quality than those in longer light exposure time. However, it was noted that the gonads of the organisms in treatment IV (no light exposure time) are less firm and liquefies when exposed to the air than in the other treatments particularly that of Treatment III. It is therefore recommended that T. gratilla can be best reared in covered plastic basins with four hours exposure time.
Sajal Kole
Central Institute of Fisheries Education
India
Title: Potential efficacy of nanodelivery of DNA vaccine using chitosan nanoparticles against Edwardsiella tarda
Biography:
Sajal Kole is currently a PhD student in Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Versova, Andheri, West Mumbai, India
Abstract:
Edwardsiella tarda (E. tarda) is the common pathogen which causes enormous losses in culture of commercially important fish species globally. Incapability of antibiotic agents to control edwardsiellosis had lead to the idea of DNA based immunization. It has been proven that the expression of an antigen or antigens from plasmid DNA (pDNA) may elicit both humoral and cellular immune responses. To improve the efficiency of the vaccine constructs against fish pathogen novel methods to deliver this DNA to fish are under investigation because vaccination through parental routes like intra muscular/intra peritoneal etc put fish into lot of stress and also practically not viable in aquaculture. Nanotechnology can be a promising intervention in increasing the effectiveness of DNA vaccines. Chitosan can be a potential candidate as a polycationic gene carrier for oral as well as immersion administration of DNA vaccines in fishes. The present study examines the potential efficacy of DNA vaccine against E. tarda through oral and immersion route using chitosan nanoparticles conjugation. The GAPDH gene of E. tarda and IFN-γ of Labeo rohita as an adjuvant was used to construct bicistronic DNA vaccine using pIRES, a eukaryotic expression vector. Expression study of the DNA construct in cell culture was conducted to check the transgene expression. The transfected SSN I cells were processed for SDS-PAGE and western blotting to see the GAPDH expression. RT-PCR was conducted using mRNA from transfected cells to check IFN-γ gene presence. The in vitro expressions of both the genes prove the potential of this particular vaccine construct. The chitosan nanoparticles were used to deliver the constructed plasmid. A significant decrease in the superoxide production, myeloperoxidase was observed in the vaccinated fish. However the total immunoglobulin level and serum lysozyme activity was raised in the immunised fishes. After vaccination L. Rohita were intraperitoneally challenged with E. tarda. A relative percent survival (RPS) rate of 8% and 75% was recorded in orally and immersion administered fishes respectively against 55% in unvaccinated fishes. The results indicate that the vaccinated rohu with chitosan-DNA construct showed high protection against experimental E. tarda infection. This study also elucidates the changes in the absolute expression of different immune genes in different tissues of L. rohita administered with the DNA construct conjugated with chitosan nanoparticles through oral and immersion route. The results are compared with the expression in naive control fishes showing significant up regulation at post vaccination and 6 hr, 12 hr and 48 hpc.