Shann Tzong Jiang earned his Master Degree from Tokyo University of Fisheries, Japan, and PhD from University of Rhode Island, USA. He is a Fellow of the International Academy of Food Science & Technology, and National Endowed Chair Professor of the Ministry of Education of Taiwan. Currently he is working at the Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, and at Providence University as Senior Vice President. He has published more than 170 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as Editorial Board Member of several repute journals.

There are various angiotension-I converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) have been investigated for palliating the hypertension. To produce ACE inhibitor peptides, 15 fragments of DNA sequences encoded well-known ACEI peptides from fish protein hydrolysates, GW, IW, KW, LF, MF, VW, VY, YL, GPL, GPM, IKW, VY, IRPVQ, IWHHT and IYPRY, were designed as a combinative DNA encoded a fusion ACEI polypeptide which could be hydrolyzed into individual ACEI peptides by chymotrypsin. The combinative DNA consisted of 234 nucleotides was cloned into the pET-23a(+) expression vector and then transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) expression host. After 8 h induction by 0.1 mM isopropyl-β-D-thiogalactopyranoside, high activity of the recombinant fusion ACEI polypeptide was expressed. After sonication to disrupt the cell wall, the recombinant fusion ACEI polypeptide could be purified using Ni Sepharose™ 6 Fast Flow. The IC50 value of recombinant ACEI polypeptide is 11.82 μM. After chymotrypsin digestion, a 74-fold increase of ACEI activity (0.16 μM) was obtained, which was equivalent to 0.022 μM of captopril.The ACEI activity of the chymotrypsin hydrolysate increased about 74-fold activity after hydrolysis. It can be used in the health food for the prevention of high blood pressure, and even the development of drugs for medication in the future.

Su Mei Wu earned her Master Degree from Marine Biology Institute of National Taiwan University, and PhD from National Normal University, both are local in Taiwan. She is a Fellow of the Institute of Aquatic Biosciences of Chiayi University. She has published more than 85 papers in reputed journals and has been serving as reviewer of several repute journals. Her major include aquatic toxicology and fish physiology. Teaching programs have “Stress and Fish”, “Fish Endocrinology”, “Environment Sciences”

Salinity change is one of stressor on freshwater fish, and fish will regulate osmolality balance to acclimate seawater environment. The ionic/osmotic regulation mechanisms include the morphological modification of gill MR cells and stimulation of both the expression and activity of ion transporters. All need energy to active. The Previous study had found that the GR cells were initially stimulated to provide promot energy for neighboring MR cells that trigger ion-secretion mechanism. Therefore, the objective of this study is to explore the energy metabolism of tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) upon acute salinity exposure in gills and liver. There are four groups of treatments in the present study, which are included: Fish were adapted in the brackish water (20 ‰) for 1 or 2 days and then transferred to 28 ‰ seawater (respectively to BW1d-SW; BW2d-SW representation); Fish were transferred directly to 20 ‰ brackish water group (FW-BW); Fish were transferred directly to the group of 28 ‰ seawater seawater (FW-SW). The study was to compare the biochemical reactions of the glycogen metabolism between the gills and hepatic tissues. Results showed that the glycogen phosphorylase (GP) activity was significantly increased at 1 hour after acute salinity exposure. It was interesting to find that the BW1d-SW and BW2d-SW groups, although their osmolality increased following the salinity change, but they eventually recovered to the normal level soon. Furthermore, the plasma ions content of FW-SW groups elevated over following the time of SW exposure. Comparatively, it showed a peak within 1 hour and recovery as control on the BW1d-SW and BW2d-SW groups. According to the data, Author suggested that the GP activity changes have potential as an effective indicator upon salinity stress.

An Chin Lee earned his master degree from National Taiwan Ocean University, Taiwan and Ph.D. from University of Maryland at College Park, USA. Currently, he is working at the department of Aquatic Biosciences, National Chia-Yi University, Taiwan and also at NCYU as secretary general. He paid his attention to the project of anaerobic metabolism of hard clam (Meretrix lusoria) for many years. He is also interested in looking at filtering behavior of hard clam and will try to prepare supplemental diet of hard clam.

Microalgae are widely considered as the major component of the feed fed by hard clam. However, the information about which concentrations of microalgae inducing the pseudofeces production of hard clam and the digestibility of microalgae by hard clam is limited. Two species of microalgae, Tetraselmis chui and Isochrysis galbana , are used in this study. Five concentrations of T. chui and ten concentrations of I. galbana were used in the experiment of pseudofeces production of hard clam. The concentrations of T. chui and I. galbana inducing 50% population of hard clam to produce pseudofeces are 9300 cells/mL and 95000 cells/mL, respectively. Feces collection was carried out in four time periods, 0-3 hour feeding period, 0-4, 4-8, 8-20 hours period after hard clam transferred to clean seawater. Protein content and carbohydrate content in the feces of hard clam fed with T. chui and I. galbana in 0-4 hour period after hard clam transferred to clean seawater were the maximal. The digestibility of microalgal protein/carbohydrate by hard clam was evaluated by the ratio of the amount of protein/carbohydrate in feces collection divided by that in microalgae fed by hard clam. Protein and carbohydrate digestibility of T. chui by hard clam were 52+2.6% and 70+8%, respectively. Protein and carbohydrate digestibility of I. galbana by hard clam were 81.3+2.3% and 88.1+2.2%, respectively.

Aihua Li is a professor in Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences

Furunculosis caused by Aeromonassalmonicida subsp. salmonicida is an epidemic disease among salmonids, including rainbow trout (Oncorhynchusmykiss). However, the immune mechanisms that are elicited in rainbow trout against the invasion of A. salmonicida are not yet fully understood. In this study, we examined the spleen to investigate the immune response of rainbow trout at 3 d post infection by A. salmonicida at the transcriptome and proteome levels by using Illumina-seq and iTRAQ methods,respectively. A total of 1036 genes and 133 proteins were found to undergo differential expression during the immune response of the spleen against A. salmonicida infection. Gene ontology and KEGG analysis were conducted among the differentially expressed genes and proteins, revealing that immune system process and response to stimulus were the top two biological processes, and immune system, signaling molecules and interaction, and immune diseases were the differential pathways activated. Correlation analysis of transcriptomic and proteomic results showed 17 proteins (11 upregulated and 6 downregulated) having consistent expression at RNA and protein levels.Moreover,protein–protein interaction analysis showed that diseases, proteasome, aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, and nucleotide metabolism were the main interactions among the consistently expressed proteins. Consequently, these upregulated proteins, namely, ferritin, CD209, IL13Rα1, VDAC2, GIMAP7, PSMA1, and two ANXA11s couldbe considered as potential biomarkers for rainbow trout immune responses.

Jialong Gao earned his Master Degree in Guangdong Ocean University of China, and then worked in Food Science and Technology Department, in the same university. Now, he is a Doctor Course student of Applied Marine Biosciences course in Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology, Japan. He focuses on the accumulation and detoxification mechanisms of heavy metals in marine bivalves.

Marine pollution caused by heavy metals has become an increasing problem in recent decades and yet the mechanisms of detoxification in marine invertebrates remain largely unknown. Many researches have proved previously that metal-binding proteins called metallothioneins (MTs) play a key role in the biochemical detoxification of toxic metals. However, MTs from scallop Mizuhopectenyessoensis have not been reported. To understand whether M. yessoensis possesses MTs or some other metal-binding proteins, the scallops were exposed to artificial seawater containing Cd, Cu, or Pb for up to 10 days; at different exposure period, the Cd, Cu and Pb concentrations in different tissues of scallops were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy.Metalloproteins in the digestive gland were extracted by Tris-HCl (pH8.6) and purified by cold acetone.The precipitations were further subjected to gel-filtration and followed by anion-exchange chromatography. Finally, the isolatedproteinswere characterized preliminary by amino acid sequence analysis.Results showed that the scallops accumulated higherconcentration of Cd than Cu and Pb, and most of metals were detected in the digestive gland.The metalloprotein profiles in digestive gland showed that some proteins were up-regulated after exposure, and three of them with a molecular mass of about 25, 37, and 42kDa were successfully isolated by gel-filtration and anion-exchange column chromatography. N-terminal amino acid sequences of them showed high similarity with some metal-binding proteins and ion-transporters. It is reasonable to assume that the mechanisms of metal accumulation and detoxification in M. yessoensis are related to these proteins. The primary structures analysis of the three proteins is now in progress.

Xinhai Wang completed his Master degree 1982,and currently working as Assistant professor. His Research interests are mainly in Breeding and developmental biology of aquatic animals.

The harlequin anemone crab, Lissocarcinuslaevis, is a high value marine ornamental species but has never been captive bred previously. This study monitored the development and growth of captive bred L. laevis individually from newly settled first stage crab (C1) till egg production in females at crab stage 6 (C6) in laboratory. The crabs were kept at 26. 5℃±2℃ and salinity of 34‰, they were fed frozen mysis shrimp, brine shrimp, prawns and mussel meat to situation daily and their molting, growth and morphological changes observed and recorded. The results showed that the average duration of crab stage C1 to C6 of L. laeviswas 6.4, 8.4, 12.5, 15.4, 18.0 and 22.3 days, respectively. Over the period, the average carapace length (CL) and width (CW) of the crabs increased from 3.1 ± 0.2 mm to 11.0 ± 1.3 mm and 3.2 ± 0.3 mm to 12.9 ± 1.6mm, respectively. The correlation between CL(y) and CW (x) can be expressed by the equation y=0.5+0.81x. Sexual dimorphism became apparent at the 3rd crab stage (C3). When male and female were put together, the mating behavior was observed at the 5th crab stage onward and the females were found spawning and carrying eggs at 6th crab stage. The copulation between male and female crabs on average lasted 2.5 minutes and female crabs normally spawned in 2-4 days after mating. The color of newly laid eggs were orange in colour but gradually become dark-brown and dark grey after 8-9 days and hatching occurred in 10-12 days after spawning. The female crabs normally laid a new batch of eggs in 2-3 hours after larval hatching.

Mohammad Ali Jafari completed her Bachelor’s degree in marine biology in 2010 at the University of Tonekabon in Iran. Now, He is Master student of marine biology in Tarbiat Modares University in Tehran, Iran. He works on fish osmoregulation and coral reef age and coral reef bioeroders in Persian Gulf Islands.

Osmoregulation is one of the most important link between environmental change and physiological response in fishes. Gut as an osmoregulatory organ plays an important role in fishes. The study examined the presence of NA+/K+- ATPase in different parts of juvenile Sander lucioperca (gut and pyloric caeca) digestive system. Experiment has done on fish with average 2 g weight. 3 fishes captured, sacrificed and immediately gastrointestinal tract fixed by immersion into Bouin solution for histology. Then, the samples were placed in paraffin. 4 µm sections of samples were provided for Hematoxiline-Eosin staining. Immunolocalization of NA+/K+- ATPase was done by fluorescent microscope.This study provided evidence that Sander lucioperca have 6 to 9 pyloric caeca with highly immunofluorescence of NA+/K+- ATPase in the baso-lateral parts of their entrocytes. Gut also have immunofluorescence, but the role of pyloric caeca is more important than gut in osmoregulation.

Kurant Volodymyr is currently working in National Pedagogical University of Ukraine

Lipids and fatty acids perform important functions in cellular metabolism and play a significant role in biochemical adaptation of fish, including toxins of ecosystems. These lipids are not only sources of energy in the body, but are essential structural components of cell membranes.The changes in lipid composition of cell tissues of some fish can be used as a specific indicator of metal ions toxicity present in the aquatic environment. For these purposes we proposed "Method of evaluation of the toxicity of the water using the lipid ratio",The numerator of the formula is the sum of lipid parameters causing violations of the structure of cell membranes and increase its permeability. This is because the lysophosphatidylcholineand free fatty acids have detergent properties and accumulation phosphatidylethanolaminewith decreasing of phosphatidylcholine content damages the lipid bilayer structure. In the denominator there are indicators of lipid content contributing to the maintenance of the functional structure of the membrane in normal state, its condensation, reducing permeability to metal ions and protection from the pathological action of ROS and lysosomal lipases.The increase in the coefficient compared with control values indicates the formation of an adaptive response of cells through the cell membrane condensation and reduce its permeability. Instead, the reducing of its value indicates the pathological state of membranes due to changes in the structure of the lipid bilayer and lipid accumulation with detergent properties.

Mohammad Ali Jafari completed her Bachelor’s degree in marine biology in 2010 at the University of Tonekabon in Iran. Now, He is Master student of marine biology in Tarbiat Modares University in Tehran, Iran. He works on fish osmoregulation and coral reef age and coral reef bioeroders in Persian Gulf Islands.

Internal macro-bioeroders and their biological erosion in three dominant live and dead hard coral genera (Favia, Platygyra and Porites) were compared in the intertidal zone of Hormuz island. Five live and five dead samples from each genus were collected and their 4 mm sections along the central highest axis prepared by stone saw. Based on the pictures taken from sections, areas eroded by bioeroders were estimated by the CPCe (Coral Point Count with Excel extensions) software. Totally 9 bioeroding taxa were identified, including 5 species (four bivalve and one boring sponge), three genera (two polychaetes and one boring sponge), and one family of barnacle. No significant difference at the rate of bioerosion among the three live coral samples was observed. Comparing the live and dead samples of each of the three corals, only Porites showed significant difference. The results of principal components analysis (PCA) revealed that sponges had the highest role in the bioerosion of the dead Platygyra, while barnacles were most effective eroding organism in the live Platygyra; however, polychaets and then bivalve were found to be the most destructive macro bioeroders of the dead and live Porites. PCA further revealed that none of the bioeroding organisms had selectively chosen either the dead or alive Favia as the host, which may convince us that maybe some erosive animals select their hosts preferably.

Rohani Ghadikolaei Kiuomars is wokind in aquaculture department of Persian Gulf and Oman Sea Ecological Research Institute

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) resulting in red discoloration of coastal waters in the Persian Gulf, Iran were first observed in January 2007. The species responsible for the bloom, which was identified as Cochlodinium polykrikoides, coincided with massive aquatic organisms’ mortalities in the Persian Gulf, Iran. In order to provide optimum growth and bloom forming, Cochlodinium polykrikoides cells were sampled during the bloom conditions in the coastal waters of Persian Gulf. After adaptation in filtered seawater, they isolated by positive phototropism characteristic of this species to light. They were grown in modified media culture (f/2، f ،TMRL ،Z ،Walen and Agar) at different salinity (30, 32 and 35 ppt), temperature (20, 22, 25 and 27 ºC) and intensity (2000, 5000 and 7000 Lux). The results of the present study clearly showed that the highest Cochlodinium polykrikoides biomass was obtained following culture by using A2 medium under the 32 ppt salinity, 24–26 °C temperature, and under a 11 h light:13 h dark photoperiod regime at a light intensity of 6500-8000 lux provided by cool white fluorescent tubes. Mean cell density of Cochlodinium polykrikoides in a 60 liter tank for ten days reached to 32 × 106 cell L−1. Moreover, individual C. polykrikoides chain with 18 cells was observed for the first time in cultures. Based on the results obtained from the present study, however as mentioned above, providing suitable media culture and physical condition (light intensity and temperature), bloom forming of C. polykrikoides start from day 8 to 10 and will be continued until day 24 to 28. In the other hand, C. polykrikoide cells immediately crashed and destroyed.

Water quality is an important factor in fish farms and affects the productivity of ponds. This preliminary study was carried out to monitor trends in physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton composition of fish ponds in a newly established Integrated fish farm funded by the CORAF/WECARD Organisation in the University of Buea (UB). The study was carried out from May 2013 to December 2013 in three ponds: Pond 1 (SIARP – ESEA) and Pond 2 (SIAD – RP) in which compounded feed was used to feed fish and Pond 3 (Control pond) in which no feed was used. Physico-chemical parameters and phytoplankton samples were analysed using standard methods. One-way analysis of variance and student t-test were used to identify differences across and between ponds. No significant differences (p>0.05) in physico-chemical parameters was observed across all three ponds, except for conductivity which showed a significant difference between ponds 2 and 3 (p=0.036). The results showed that the physico-chemical parameters in the ponds were within acceptable limits for phytoplankton growth and fish culture. A total of six families and 28 species of phytoplankton were identified, which included Cyanophyceae (6), Chlorophyceae (8), Euglenophyceae (5), Cryptophyceae (1), Bacillariophyceae (6) and Xanthophyceae (1). Using Margalef’s diversity index, Cyanophyceae were found to have highest diversity (0.89) during the study. There were strong positive correlations between abundance of the phytoplankton: Cyanophyceae, Chlorophyceae and Cryptophyceae, and pond pH (r= 0.779, r= 0.909 and r= 0.889 respectively) as well as pond conductivity (r= 0.871, r= 0.910 and r= 0.8154 respectively). The results of this study indicate that activities within an integrated fish farm, if well monitored, do not negatively affect the water quality of ponds significantly, and that fish can be cultured in the CORAF/UB ponds without detrimental effects. It equally shows that our local waters have potentially culturable phytoplankton species, which if exploited can contribute to reducing cost of feeding fish.

Mohammed Abdelaty Mahdy is from Graduate School of Global Fisheries, Pukyong National University, South Korea

Fish landings in the Egyptian waters of the Red Sea have declined substantially from 82,400 metric ton in the 1999s to 44,000 metric ton in 2010 due to overfishing. Fish habitat quality in the Red Sea has been degraded by anthropogenic activities including tourism activities and coastal pollution. In this study an Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Assessment (EBFA) approach Tier 2 developed by Zhang have been used to assess the Red Sea fisheries. Nested risk indices, such as Objectives Risk Index (ORI), Species Risk Index (SRI), Fishery Risk Index (FRI), and Ecosystem Risk Index (ERI), were estimated status of the two years. The results of the status of the two years were compared. Management status indices for 2012 have shown a significant negative change compared to condition 2002 with respect to sustainability, biodiversity, ecosystem habitat quality and socio-economy. From the assessment of seven fish species risk index by the Tier 2 approach, the Egypt Red Sea had 80% of indicators in the green zone, 18.1% in the yellow zone and 1.9% in the red zone in 2002. But in 2012 had 27.6% of indicators in the desirable green zone, 48.6% in yellow zone and 23.8% in the red zone. Three fisheries namely; Purse seine, trawl and longline in 2002 had risk index 0.44, 0.79 and 0.46 respectively and fall in desirable green zone. But in 2012 they had risk index 1.78, 1.85 and 1.24 respectively and fall in yellow zone. The Egypt Red Sea ecosystem has risk index 0.70 in 2002 and fall in desirable green zone but in 2012 had 1.69 and fall in yellow zone. Recent 2012 management status indices have shown significant negative change compared to condition 2002 with respect to sustainability of the stock and fishery and with regards to biodiversity and ecosystem habitat quality and socio-economy. Therefore, the Red Sea fisheries management system need to be established considering four management objectives suggested in the study in order to improve the Red Sea marine ecosystem by reducing risk indices for each management objective.

Zubaida U Basiao earned her Master Degree in Zoology from the University of the Philippines and PhD in Biology from Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada. She is a Professor at the Institute of Biology, University of the Philippines and concurrently the Deputy Director for Research and Extension. She has published 18 journal articles in reputed journals and has been serving as reviewer for repute journals.

A number of red tilapia strain/hybrids has been developed and commercially produced in the Philippines; nonetheless, high market acceptance of red tilapia is constrained by its slow growth compared to the common grey/black morph. In our study, the growth rates of three domesticated strains of red tilapia namely BATANGAS, MUNOZ, and RNT strain were compared in net enclosures set in earthen ponds. In summary, the performance of the strains, ranked best to worst, was: MUNOZ, BATANGAS, and RNT strain. Commercial feed was given during the experimental period. Early growth (1 – 49 days post-swim up) was evaluated in twelve replicated fine-mesh net cages (1 x 1 x 1.2m) set in earthen ponds. The three strains showed significantly (P=0.000) different early size-specific growth rates based on standard length. The MUNOZ strains showed superior growth (4.7%/day) followed by the Batangas strain (3.73%/day). The RNT strain showed significantly inferior growth (3.00%/day). After 90 days of on-growing in bigger size (2.4 x 6 x 1.2m) net cages, growth of the RNT strain was consistently inferior to the MUNOZ and BATANGAS strains which did not differ significantly from each other. Macroscopic examination of the dissected ovaries showed that the ovaries of the RNT strain were still in the immature stage of development compared to the MUNOZ and BATANGAS strains which were into the maturing and mature stage of ovarian development after 90 days of rearing. We discuss implications of these results, as well as future directions for selecting for growth and color morphs in red tilapia.

Farramae Francisco completed her Bachelor’s degree in Fisheries in 2012 at the University of the Philippines Visayas. She recently finished her graduate studies in the same university under the full time scholarship of Department of Science and Technology-Accelerated Science and Technology Human Resources Department Program (DOST-ASTHRDP) with the degree Master of Science in Fisheries, Major in Fish Processing Technology

Chitin and chitosan are valuable natural biopolymers which attracted attention due to their biomedical applications and can be extracted from crustacean shells through chemical and microbial processes. In this study, deproteination and demineralization efficiencies of shrimp waste using two Lactobacillus species treated with different carbohydrate sources for chitin production, its chemical conversion to chitosan and the quality of chitin and chitosan produced were determined. Using 5% glucose and 5% cassava starch as carbohydrate sources, pH slightly increased from the initial pH of 6.0 to 6.8 and 7.2, respectively after 24 h and maintained their pH at 6.7 to 7.3 throughout the treatment period. Demineralization (%) in 5% glucose and 5% cassava was highest during the first day of treatment which was 82% and 83%, respectively. Deproteination (%) was highest in 5% cassava starch on the 3rd day of treatment at 84.4%. The obtained chitin from 5% cassava and 5% glucose had a residual ash and protein below 1% and solubility of 59% and 44.3%, respectively. Chitosan produced from 5% cassava and 5% glucose had protein content below 0.05%; residual ash was 1.1% and 0.8%, respectively. Chitosan solubility and degree of deacetylation were 56% and 33% in 5% glucose and 48% and 29% in 5% cassava, respectively. The advantage this alternative technology offers over that of chemical extraction is large reduction in chemicals needed thus less effluent production and generation of a protein-rich liquor, although the demineralization process should be improved to achieve greater degree of deacetylation.

Okechukwu Emmanuel Ogueji is lecturer in Department of Biology/Microbiology/Biotechnology, Federal University.

Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, an organophosphate insecticide, was evaluated for its histopathological effects on African catfish Clarias gariepinus, by light microscopy. Fish was exposed continuously to sublethal concentrations 0.00 (control), 0.045mg/l, 0.096mg/l and 0.192mg/l of chlorpyrifos-ethyl for a period of 8 weeks. The gills and liver samples were removed at two weeks intervals for histological examinations. No histopathological effects were observed in the control group. The histopathological alterations were characterized as oedema, occlusion of interlamella spaces, lamella hyperplasia, mucous cell secretion in the gill; degeneration, Hemosiderosis, sinusoids enlargement, hemorrhage, pyknotic nuclei, vacuolization of cell cytoplasm, infiltration of mono and polymorphonuclear leukocytes and RBC’s, coagulation necrosis and congestion in the liver. These alterations were dose and duration dependent.